14. Shuttle  Basics

Shuttle Basics The Space Shuttle is the world's first reusable spacecraft, and the first spacecraft in history that can carry large satellites both to and from orbit. The Shuttle launches like a rocket, maneuvers in Earth orbit like a spacecraft and lands like an airplane. Each of the three Space Shuttle orbiters now in operation -- Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour -- is designed to fly at least 100 missions. So far, altogether they have flown a combined total of less than one-fourth of that. Image left: The components of the Space Shuttle system: Orbiter, External Tank, and Solid Rocket Boosters. Photo Credit: NASA Columbia was the first Space Shuttle orbiter to be delivered to NASA's Kennedy Space Center, Fla., in March 1979. Columbia and the STS-107 crew were lost Feb. 1, 2003, during re-entry. The Orbiter Challenger was delivered to KSC in July 1982 and was destroyed in an explosion during ascent in January 1986. Discovery was delivered in November 1983. Atlantis was delivered in April 1985. Endeavour was built as a replacement following the Challenger accident and was delivered to Florida in May 1991. An early Space Shuttle Orbiter, the Enterprise, never flew in space but was used for approach and landing tests at the Dryden Flight Research Center and several launch pad studies in the late 1970s. The Space Shuttle consists of three major components: the Orbiter which houses the crew; a large External Tank that holds fuel for the main engines; and two Solid Rocket Boosters which provide most of the Shuttle's lift during the first two minutes of flight. All of the components are reused except for the external fuel tank, which burns up in the atmosphere after each launch. The longest the Shuttle has stayed in orbit on any single mission is 17.5 days on mission STS-80 in November 1996. Normally, missions may be planned for anywhere from five to 16 days in duration. The smallest crew ever to fly on the Shuttle numbered two people on the first few missions. The largest crew numbered eight people. Normally, crews may range in size from five to seven people. The Shuttle is designed to reach orbits ranging from about 185 kilometers to 643 kilometers (115 statute miles to 400 statute miles) high. The Shuttle has the most reliable launch record of any rocket now in operation. Since 1981, it has boosted more than 1.36 million kilograms (3 million pounds) of cargo into orbit. More than than 600 crew members have flown on its missions. Although it has been in operation for almost 20 years, the Shuttle has continually evolved and is significantly different today than when it first was launched. NASA has made literally thousands of major and minor modifications to the original design that have made it safer, more reliable and more capable today than ever before. Since 1992 alone, NASA has made engine and system improvements that are estimated to have tripled the safety of flying the Space Shuttle, and the number of problems experienced while a Space Shuttle is in flight has decreased by 70 percent. During the same period, the cost of operating the Shuttle has decreased by one and a quarter billion dollars annually -- a reduction of more than 40 percent. At the same time, because of weight reductions and other improvements, the cargo the Shuttle can carry has increased by 7.3 metric tons (8 tons.) In managing and operating the Space Shuttle, NASA holds the safety of the crew as its highest priority. http://www.nasa.gov/returntoflight/system/system_STS.html

13. Titan IV A-20 explodes over Cape Canaveral (8-12-98)

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12. Space Shuttle Endeavour
Space Shuttle Endeavour

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Endeavour OV-105
Space Shuttle Endeavour on launch pad 39A prior to mission STS-127, May 31, 2009
OV designation	OV-105
Country	United States
Contract award	July 31, 1987
Named after	HMS Endeavour (1764)
Status	Retired, displayed at California Science Center in Los Angeles, California
First flight	STS-49 May 7, 1992 – May 16, 1992
Last flight	Ferry flight on SCA NASA905 to Los Angeles, California September 19–21, 2012
Number of missions	25
Crew members	154
Time spent in space	296 days, 3 hours, 34 minutes, 2 seconds
Number of orbits	4,671
Distance travelled	122,883,151 mi (197,761,262 km)
Satellites deployed	3
Mir dockings	1
ISS dockings	12

Endeavour as photographed from the International Space Station as it approached the station during STS-118

Endeavour appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere in this photo taken from the International Space Station

Space Shuttle Endeavour (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-105) is one of the retired orbiters of the Space Shuttle program of NASA, the space agency of the United States.^[1] Endeavour was the fifth and final spaceworthy NASA space shuttle to be built, and first flew in May 1992 on mission STS-49 and its last mission STS-134 was in May 2011.^[2][3] The STS-134 mission was originally planned as the final mission of the Space Shuttle program,^[4] but with authorization of the STS-135 mission, Atlantis became the last Space Shuttle to fly.
The United States Congress authorized the construction of Endeavour in 1987 to replace Challenger, which was lost in the STS-51-L launch accident in 1986. Structural spares built during the construction of Discovery and Atlantis, two of the previous shuttles, were used in its assembly. NASA chose to build Endeavour from spares rather than refitting Enterprise or accepting a Rockwell International proposal to build two shuttles for the price of one of the original shuttles, on cost grounds.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour

11. Space Shuttle Atlantis
Space Shuttle Atlantis

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Atlantis OV‑104
Atlantis launching STS-122 mission to dock with the International Space Station
OV designation	OV-104
Country	United States of America
Contract award	29 January 1979
Named after	RV Atlantis
Status	Retired. Displayed at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Florida.
First flight	STS-51-J 3–7 October 1985
Last flight	STS-135 8-21 July 2011
Number of missions	33
Crew members	207[1]
Time spent in space	306 days, 14 hours, 12 minutes, 43 seconds as of STS-135
Number of orbits	4,848
Distance travelled	125,935,769 miles (202,673,974 km) as of STS-135
Satellites deployed	14
Mir dockings	7
ISS dockings	12

The Space Shuttle Atlantis (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV‑104) was a Space Shuttle orbiter in the Space Shuttle fleet belonging to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the spaceflight and space exploration agency of the United States.^[2] Atlantis was the fourth operational (and the next-to-the-last) Space Shuttle to be constructed by the Rockwell International company in Southern California, and it was delivered to the John F. Kennedy Space Center in eastern Florida in April 1985.^[3][4] Atlantis was the only orbiter which lacked the ability to draw power from the International Space Station while docked there; it had to continue to provide its own power through fuel cells.^[5]
The last mission of Atlantis was STS-135, the last flight of the Shuttle program. This final flight, authorized in October 2010, brought additional supplies to the International Space Station and took advantage of the processing performed for the Launch on Need mission, which would only have been flown in the event that Endeavour's STS-134 crew required rescue.^[6] Atlantis launched successfully for the final time on 8 July 2011 at 16:29 UTC, landing at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on 21 July 2011 at 09:57 UTC.
By the end of its final mission, Atlantis had orbited the Earth 4,848 times, traveling nearly 126,000,000 mi (203,000,000 km) in space or more than 525 times the distance from the Earth to the Moon.
Atlantis was named after RV Atlantis, a two-masted sailing ship that operated as the primary research vessel for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution from 1930 to 1966.^[7]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis

10. Space Shuttle Landing

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9. Space shuttle launch

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8. Columbia
STS-1

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This article is about the Space Shuttle flight. For Synchronous Transport Signal (level)-1 in the SONET hierarchy, see Synchronous optical networking. For the gene, see STS-1 (gene).

STS-1
Mission insignia
Mission statistics
Mission name	STS-1
Space shuttle	Columbia
Crew size	2
Launch pad	Kennedy Space Center, Florida LC 39A
Launch date	12 April 1981 12:00:03 (1981-04-12T12:00:03) UTC
Landing site	Edwards AFB, Runway 23
Landing	14 April 1981 18:20:57 (1981-04-14T18:20:58) UTC
Mission duration	2 days, 6 hours, 20 minutes, 53 seconds
Number of orbits	37
Apogee	156 mi (251 km)
Perigee	149 mi (240 km)
Orbital period	89.4 min
Orbital altitude	307 km (191 mi)
Orbital inclination	40.4 degrees
Distance traveled	1,728,000 kilometres (1,074,000 mi)
Crew photo
Crew members John W. Young (left) and Robert L. Crippen pose in ejection escape suits (EES) with a small model of the Space Shuttle orbiter.
Related missions
Previous Subsequent Approach and Landing Tests STS-2

STS-1 was the first orbital flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program. Space Shuttle Columbia launched on 12 April 1981, and returned to Earth on 14 April, having orbited the Earth 37 times during its 54.5-hour mission. Columbia carried a crew of two – mission commander John W. Young and pilot Robert L. Crippen. It was the first American manned space flight since the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project on 15 July 1975. STS-1 was also the only US manned maiden test flight of a new spacecraft system, although it was the culmination of atmospheric testing of the Space Shuttle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-1

7. Spacelab

Spacelab

Main article: Spacelab

Spacelab LM2

A major component of the Space Shuttle Program was Spacelab, primarily contributed by a consortium of European countries, and operated in conjunction with the United States and international partners.^[38] Supported by a modular system of pressurized modules, pallets, and systems, Spacelab missions executed on multidisciplinary science, orbital logistics, international cooperation.^[38] Over 29 missions flew on subjects ranging from astronomy, microgravity, radar, and life sciences, to name a few.^[38] Spacelab hardware also supported missions such as Hubble (HST) servicing and space station resupply.^[38] STS-2 and STS-3 provided testing, and the first full mission was Spacelab-1 (STS-9) launched on November 28, 1983.^[38]
Spacelab formally began in 1973, after a meeting in Brussels, Belgium, by European heads of state.^[21] Within the decade, Spacelab would go into orbit and provide not only Europe, but also the United States, with an orbital workshop and hardware system.^[21] International cooperation, science, and exploration were realized on Spacelab.^[38]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle

6. Space Shuttle Orbiter
Space Shuttle Orbiter

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Space Shuttle Orbiter

The Discovery orbiter approaches the ISS on STS-121
Operator	NASA
Mission type	Orbiter
Satellite of	Earth
Launch vehicle	Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster
Launch site	Kennedy Space Center
Homepage	Space Shuttle Home

The Space Shuttle orbiter ranks second among the world's first spaceplanes, preceded only by the North American X-15 and followed by the Buran, SpaceShipOne, and the Boeing X-37.

The Space Shuttle Orbiter was the orbital spacecraft of the Space Shuttle program operated by NASA, the space agency of the United States.^[1] The orbiter was a reusable winged "space-plane", a mixture of rockets, spacecraft, and aircraft. This space-plane could carry crews and payloads into low Earth orbit, perform on-orbit operations, then re-enter the atmosphere and land as a glider, returning its crew and any on-board payload to the Earth.
A total of six Orbiters were built for flight: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, Endeavour and Enterprise. All were built by the Pittsburgh, PA based Rockwell International company. The first Orbiter to fly, Enterprise, took its maiden flight in 1977. Built solely for unpowered atmospheric test flights and landings, its take-off was from the back of a modified Boeing-747 cargo plane, the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, while the remaining Orbiters were built for orbital space flights, launched vertically as part of the full Space Shuttle package. Enterprise was partially disassembled and retired after completion of critical testing.
Columbia was the first Orbiter to launch into space as a Space Shuttle, in 1981. The first launches of Challenger, Discovery, and finally Atlantis, followed in 1983, 1984 and 1985 respectively. In 1986, Challenger was destroyed in an accident after launch. Endeavour was built as Challenger's replacement, and was first launched in 1992. In 2003, Columbia was destroyed during re-entry, leaving just three remaining Orbiters. Discovery completed its final flight on March 9, 2011, and Endeavour completed its final flight on June 1, 2011. Atlantis completed the last ever Shuttle flight, STS-135, on July 21, 2011.
In addition to their crews and payloads, the reusable Orbiter carried most of the Space Shuttle System's liquid-fueled rocket propulsion system, but both the liquid hydrogen fuel and the liquid oxygen oxidizer for its three main rocket engines were fed from an external cryogenic propellant tank, and there were also two reusable large solid-fueled rocket boosters that helped to lift both the Orbiter and its external propellant tanks during approximately the first two minutes of its ascent into outer space. The orbiters also carried hypergolic fuels for use in their RCS systems and in the Orbital Manoeuvring System.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter

5. Space Shuttle Explorer

Space Shuttle Explorer

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Explorer
Space Shuttle replica Explorer at Kennedy Space Center, Florida
OV designation	OV-100
Country	United States
Contract award	Guard-Lee
Status	Awaiting interior refurbishment at Johnson Space Center

Space Shuttle Explorer (honorary Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-100) is a full-scale, high-fidelity replica of the Space Shuttle. It was built in Apopka, Florida by Guard-Lee and installed at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in 1993. It was built using schematics, blueprints and archival documents provided by NASA and by shuttle contractors such as Rockwell International. While many of the features on the replica are simulated, some of the model's core parts, including the Michelin tires used on the landing gear, are authentic to the Space Shuttle Program.^[1] The model's length is 122.7 feet, its height is 54 feet, and its wingspan is 78 feet.
Internal details of the mock-up are not remarkably accurate, though the size and scope of the payload bay is correct.^{[citation needed]} Externally, the mock-up features simulated thermal protection system tiles (bearing numbers, as the genuine flight articles used to), paneling that looks like reinforced carbon–carbon (RCC) panels on the leading edges of the wings, and actual Michelin tires on the landing gear which were flown in space. Handling points are also shown, but the external detailing does not extend to the inclusion of thermal blankets.^[2]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Explorer

4. History

History

Discovery rollout ceremony in October 1983

The spacecraft takes its name from four British ships of exploration named Discovery, primarily HMS Discovery, one of the ships commanded by Captain James Cook during his third and final major voyage from 1776 to 1779.
Others include

• Henry Hudson's Discovery, which he used in 1610–1611 to search for a Northwest Passage. This ship had previously been used in the 1607 founding of Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in what was to become the United States;
• HMS Discovery, one of the ships which took Captain George Nares' British Arctic Expedition of 1875–1876 to the North Pole; and
• RRS Discovery, a Royal Geographical Society research vessel which, under the command of Captain Robert Falcon Scott and Ernest Shackleton, was the main ship of the 1901–1904 "Discovery Expedition" to Antarctica^[8] which is still preserved as a museum in Dundee, Scotland.

Discovery was the shuttle that launched the Hubble Space Telescope. The second and third Hubble service missions were also conducted by Discovery. It has also launched the Ulysses probe and three TDRS satellites. Discovery had been twice chosen as the "Return To Flight" Orbiter, first in 1988 after the 1986 Challenger disaster, and then for the twin "Return To Flight" missions in July 2005 and July 2006 after the 2003 Columbia disaster. Discovery also carried Project Mercury astronaut John Glenn, who was 77 at the time, back into space during STS-95 on October 29, 1998, making him the oldest person to go into space.^[9]
Had the planned STS-62-A mission from Vandenberg Air Force Base in 1986 for the United States Department of Defense gone ahead, Discovery would have flown it. Its final mission, STS-133, landed on March 9, 2011, in Kennedy Space Center, Florida. After decommissioning and delivery, the spacecraft is displayed in Virginia at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, an annex of the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum.^[1]
http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=529610793992334276#editor/target=post;postID=234312298178177415

3. Spacecraft Discovery

Space Shuttle Discovery

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Discovery OV-103
Space Shuttle Discovery launches from NASA Kennedy Space Center Launch Pad 39A on mission STS-124.
OV designation	OV-103
Country	United States Of America
Contract award	January 29, 1979
Named after	Discovery (1602), HMS Discovery (1774), HMS Discovery (1874), RRS Discovery (1901)
Status	Retired, on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia[1]
First flight	STS-41-D August 30, 1984 (1984-08-30) – September 5, 1984
Last flight	Ferry flight on SCA NASA905 to Washington DC April 17, 2012
Number of missions	39
Crew members	252[2]
Time spent in space	365 days, 22 hours, 39 minutes, 33 seconds
Distance travelled	148,221,675 mi (238,539,663 km)[3]
Satellites deployed	31 (including Hubble Space Telescope)
Mir dockings	1[3]
ISS dockings	13[3]

Space Shuttle Discovery (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-103) is one of the retired orbiters of the Space Shuttle program of NASA, the space agency of the United States,^[4] and was operational from its maiden flight, STS-41-D on August 30, 1984, until its final landing during STS-133 on March 9, 2011. Discovery has flown more than any other spacecraft having completed 39 successful missions in over 27 years of service.^[5]
In 1984, Discovery became the third operational orbiter following Columbia and Challenger,^[6] and made its final touchdown at Kennedy Space Center on March 9, 2011 at 10:57:17 CST,^[7] having spent a cumulative total of almost a full year in space. Discovery has performed both research and International Space Station (ISS) assembly missions. Discovery also flew the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit. Discovery was the first operational shuttle to be retired, followed by Endeavour

2 . The dargon spacecraft

Successors

The Dragon spacecraft, one of the Space Shuttle's several successors, is seen here on its way to deliver cargo to the ISS

The Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program began in 2006 with the purpose of creating commercially operated unmanned cargo vehicles to service the ISS.^[24] The first of these vehicles, SpaceX's Dragon, became operational in 2012, and the second, Orbital Sciences' Cygnus, is expected to do so in 2013.^[25] The Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program was initiated in 2010 with the purpose of creating commercially operated manned spacecraft capable of delivering at least four crew members to the ISS, staying docked for 180 days and then returning them back to Earth.^[26] These spacecraft are expected to become operational around 2017.^[27]
Although the Constellation program was canceled it has been replaced with a very similar beyond low-Earth orbit program. The Orion spacecraft has been left virtually unchanged from its previous design. The planned Ares V rocket has been replaced with the smaller Space Launch System (SLS), which is planned to launch both Orion and other necessary hardware.^[28] The Exploration Flight Test-1 (EFT-1), an unmanned test flight of Orion's crew module, is planned to be launched in 2014 on a Delta IV Heavy rocket.^[29] Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1) is the unmanned initial launch of SLS, which is planned for 2017.^[29] Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2) is the first manned flight of Orion and SLS and is scheduled for 2019.^[29] EM-2 is 10-14 day mission planned to place a crew of four into Lunar orbit. As of March 2012, the destination for EM-3 and immediate destination focus for this new program is still in-flux.^[30]

1. Atmosphere Space Shuttle

"STS" redirects here. For other uses, see STS (disambiguation).

This article is about the NASA Space Transportation System vehicle. For the associated NASA STS program, see Space Shuttle program. For other shuttles and aerospace vehicles, see Spaceplane.

Space Shuttle

Discovery lifts off at the start of STS-120.
Function	Manned orbital launch and reentry
Manufacturer	United Space Alliance Thiokol/Alliant Techsystems (SRBs) Lockheed Martin/Martin Marietta (ET) Boeing/Rockwell (orbiter)
Country of origin	United States of America
Size
Height	56.1 m (184.2 ft)
Diameter	8.7 m (28.5 ft)
Mass	2,030 t (4,470,000 lbm)
Capacity
Payload to LEO	24,400 kg (53,600 lb)
Payload to GTO	3,810 kg (8,390 lbm)
Payload to Polar orbit	12,700 kg (28,000 lb)
Payload to Landing[1]	14,400 kg (32,000 lb)[1] (Return Payload)
Launch history
Status	Retired
Launch sites	LC-39, Kennedy Space Center SLC-6, Vandenberg AFB (unused)
Total launches	135
Successes	134 successful launches 133 successful re-entries
Failures	2 (launch failure, Challenger; re-entry failure, Columbia)
First flight	April 12, 1981
Last flight	July 21, 2011
Notable payloads	Tracking and Data Relay Satellites Spacelab Great Observatories (including Hubble) Galileo, Magellan, Ulysses Mir Docking Module ISS components
Boosters (Stage 0) - Solid Rocket Boosters
No. boosters	2
Engines	1 solid
Thrust	12.5 MN each, sea level liftoff (2,800,000 lbf)
Specific impulse	269 s
Burn time	124 s
Fuel	solid
First stage - External Tank
Engines	3 SSMEs located on Orbiter
Thrust	5.45220 MN total, sea level liftoff (1,225,704 lbf)
Specific impulse	455 s
Burn time	480 s
Fuel	LOX/LH2
Second stage - Orbiter
Engines	2 OME
Thrust	53.4 kN combined total vacuum thrust (12,000 lbf)
Specific impulse	316 s
Burn time	1,250 s
Fuel	MMH / N2O4

The Space Shuttle was a crewed, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Its official program name was Space Transportation System, taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item to be funded for development.^[2] The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982. It was used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011, all launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida.
Major missions included launching numerous satellites, interplanetary probes, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), conducting space science experiments, and constructing and servicing the International Space Station. Major components included the orbiters, recoverable boosters, external tanks, payloads, and supporting infrastructure. Five space-worthy orbiters were built; two were lost in mission accidents.
The Space Shuttle at launch consisted of the Orbiter Vehicle (OV), one external tank (ET), and two Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs). It was launched vertically like a conventional rocket with thrust from the two SRBs and three main engines. During launch, the external tank provided fuel for the orbiter's main engines. The SRBs and ET were jettisoned before the orbiter reached orbit. At the conclusion of the orbiter's space mission, it fired its thrusters to drop out of orbit and re-enter the lower atmosphere. The orbiter decelerated in the atmosphere before flying like a glider but with reaction control system thrusters before landing on a long runway. Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour were the space-capable orbiters that were built
                                         

1. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle

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